Electrical equipment of modern apartments and villas

Categories of apartments and villas and their characteristics

In accordance with regulatory documents, two categories have been established for the comfort level of housing:

• Category I — normative lower and unlimited upper limits of the area of ​​apartments or single-family houses;

• II category — standardized lower and upper limits of the area of ​​the apartments (daily).

Based on this, apartments with improved planning and villas should be assigned to the 1st category of comfort. For example, in Moscow, in accordance with MGSN3.01-01, in housing of the 1st category, the type of apartment, the number of rooms depending on the type and area of ​​​​the apartments (with the exception of the areas of balconies, loggias, storage rooms, porches, vestibules).

However, the comfort of the home will be determined not only by the area of ​​the apartments. In such apartments, along with traditional living and utility rooms (kitchen, living room, bedroom, etc.), at the request of customers, for example, there may be:

• in villas and semi-detached houses - swimming pools, parking lots (garages) for cars, carpentry or mechanical workshop, elevators (if the villa is located on three or more levels);

• additional rooms: playroom, children's room, dining room, office, studio, library, rooms for housework (laundry room, dressing room), fitness and health facilities (sauna, gym, billiard room), etc.;

• winter Garden.

In addition, the following indicators determine the level of residential comfort:

• decisions on space planning, taking into account the total area, the composition and mutual arrangement of the premises, their height;

• standard indicators for natural (KEO) and artificial lighting of premises;

• sanitary and hygienic standards, including the noise level, the number and arrangement of bathrooms, the temperature of the rooms, the frequency of air exchange, the level of exposure to electromagnetic fields, etc.;

• reliability, safety and efficiency of power supply and electrical equipment;

• the level of electrification of the household;

• the level of automation of engineering systems (hot and cold water, heating, ventilation, electric lighting, fire and burglar alarms, etc.).

All these indicators for the comfort of the home have an impact on the electrical installations used in it. So, the installed power of electric lighting fixtures, providing the standard indicators for artificial lighting, depends on the total area of ​​​​residential and auxiliary premises, their composition, relative position and height. The installed capacity of heating and ventilation devices depends on the requirements for room temperature and the frequency of air exchange.Reliability and safety requirements determine the choice of type and characteristics of electrical equipment that meets these requirements.

Current regulatory documents regulate four levels of household electrification:

• I — residential buildings with gas stoves;

• II — residential buildings with electric stoves;

• III — residential buildings with electric stoves and electric boilers;

• IV — residential buildings, fully electrified (electric stoves, electric boilers, electric heating).

The standardized classification of household electrification is focused on equipping homes with the most energy-efficient equipment. In addition, the electrification of everyday life is accompanied by the widespread use of various household electrical appliances — refrigerators, televisions, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, fans, air conditioners, electric kitchen appliances devices and many others. Based on this, a category I dwelling has no upper limit on the level of electrification of everyday life.

As noted above, the term "dwelling" includes premises for various purposes, buildings in the backyard and outdoor installations. In each of these premises or buildings, to a greater or lesser extent, different electrical receivers are used, for the supply of which appropriate electrical installations are required.

When designing electrical installations in premises, it is necessary to use the classification of premises given in PUNS In connection with injury to persons by electric shock from PUE The following classes of premises are defined:

1. Premises without increased danger, in which there are no conditions that create increased or special danger.

2.Premises with increased danger, characterized by the presence in them of one of the following conditions that create increased danger:

• moisture (humidity above 75%) or conductive dust;

• conductive floors (metal, soil, reinforced concrete, bricks, etc.);

• high temperature (over 35 ° C);

• the possibility of simultaneous contact of a person with the metal structures of the building, technological devices, mechanisms, etc., connected to the ground, on the one hand, and with the metal casings of electrical equipment, on the other.

3. Particularly dangerous premises, characterized by the presence of one of the following conditions, which create a special danger:

• special humidity (humidity is close to 100%);

• chemically active or organic medium;

• two or more conditions of increased danger at the same time.

Territories for the location of external electrical installations are equated to particularly dangerous premises in terms of the risk of injury to people in the event of an electric shock.

The design of electrical installations of apartments with an improved layout and villas is carried out in accordance with the client's assignment. At the same time, all technical solutions in the project of the electrical part must meet the requirements of the current regulatory documents.

Requirements for electrical installations of modern apartments and villas

The main requirements for electrical installations of residential buildings, apartments, villas are reflected in Rules for Electrical Installation (PUE), Russian and IEC standards, Building Codes and Regulations (SNiP), Codes of Rules (SP), Moscow City Building Codes (MGSN), instructions, recommendations, guidelines issued by Gosstroy of the Russian Federation, Energonadzor, Energosbit and other authorized state bodies.

All requirements are aimed at ensuring the reliability, electrical, fire safety and efficiency of electrical installations, while respecting the conditions for a comfortable life for people.

The reliability of the power supply of residential buildings must meet the requirements of PUE, SP31-110-2003 and other regulatory documents. According to the PUE classification, this is usually the case users of II and III categories of reliability.

For a first-category home, an increase in the power supply reliability category is permitted in agreement with the authorities of Energonadzor.

For cottages, at the request of the client, the use of an autonomous diesel generator as a backup source of electricity is permitted.

Power supply apartments and single-family houses (cottages) with an electric boiler or fully electrified (III and IV level of household electrification), as well as with an installed power of electric receivers over 11 kW, as a rule, must be supplied by a three-phase network. The unevenness of the load in its distribution on the phases should not exceed 15%.

At three-phase entrances to apartments and single-family residential buildings (cottages), it is recommended to connect a single-phase load consisting of several heating elements (burners for electric stoves, heating elements of electric boilers, etc.). in a three-phase scheme. When ordering such equipment, you must take into account the possibility of connecting a household electrical appliance according to a three-phase scheme, which must be provided for in the design of the device by the manufacturer.

As a rule, category I or II housing provides:

• installation of measuring devices (single-phase and three-phase measuring devices) at the entrance to the apartment (single-family house);

• inclusion of apartments and single-family houses in the automated metering system for electricity consumption (ASUE) (according to the technical specifications of Energosbyt);

• switches for modulating regulation or short-term switching on with a delay for a common building outside the living quarters of multi-room residential buildings;

• installation in kitchens of at least four current outlets 10 (16) A;

• installation in residential (and other rooms) of apartments, single-family houses with at least one outlet for current 10 (16) A for every full and incomplete 4 m of the perimeter of the room;

• installation in interior-apartment corridors, halls, corridors of at least one exit - for each complete and incomplete 10 m2.

The socket network is three-wire (phase, main or working neutral wire and protected zero wire). Sockets installed in apartments, living rooms, as well as in children's rooms, must have a protective device that automatically closes the outlet when the plug is removed; installation of an electric bell in the front part of apartments (single-family houses), at the entrance of an apartment (single-family house) - bell button; in bathrooms (combined bathrooms), special contacts intended for these rooms. The entire network of outlets must be connected to the distribution network system via an RCD circuit breaker.

When designing electrical installations of a home, measures and technical means must be provided to guarantee Electrical safety and fire safety… Such activities and tools include:

• the use of residual current devices;

• the use of electrical contacts with protective covers;

• grounding;

• protective earthing;

• equipotential bonding system.

Enclosures for the installation of switches, contactors, relays, etc., used in separate rooms of the dwelling or in buildings on plots in the backyard, depending on the degree of protection from moisture, dust, chemically active substances and from injury to people from electric shock , must correspond to the international classifier -IP -code (Index of protection), which is defined in GOST 14254-96 (standard IEC 529-89).

The IP code is a set of two numeric and two alphabetic (optional) characters. The first digit of the code determines the degree of protection of the equipment from dust and the degree of protection of a person from touching live and moving parts. The second is the degree of protection against moisture. As a rule, for household electrical installations, equipment coded only in numbers is used. For example, sockets installed in warm, dry rooms can have a protection class of IP20. Enclosures protected from dust and moisture by hinged panels — IP55. Hinges with panels for residential premises - IP30.

Individual houses (cottages) must be equipped with lightning protection.

The design of the power supply must guarantee energy efficiency, aesthetics and functionality of the home's electrical installation.

Energy efficiency refers to the rational use of electricity in everyday life. The better apartments and villas should be classified as dwellings of III and IV level of household electrification, which is characterized by high energy consumption.

Energy efficiency is achieved, for example:

• using the most efficient light sources, i.e.with the highest light efficiency and service life;

• constructing an artificial lighting network diagram in such a way as to ensure that some of the lamps are turned off;

• the use for houses with electric water heaters, as a rule, electric storage water heaters and storage furnaces for electric heating with automatic devices, which include night storage devices at times determined by the power supply organization depending on the schedule of electric loads;

• equipment with thermostats for electric space heating.

One of the conditions for the comfort of the home is the architectural and artistic design of the interior of the premises, which is why the electrical installations in these premises should not violate the general design decisions. This applies primarily to electrical wiring, various switches and sockets, lamps, etc.

The functionality of electrical installations is determined by the convenience of their use in everyday life. Considering this factor, in the design, it is necessary to place various electrical equipment in the most convenient places for a person and to make the most of the possibilities of remote control.