The order of switching in electrical installations of distribution networks 0.4 — 10 kV

Switch forms

Switching on electrical installations of distribution networks, requiring compliance with a strict sequence, operational actions are carried out according to the switching forms.

The switch form is the only operational document that personnel use directly at the site of the operation — that's its expediency. Switching device operations and operating current schemes are specified in switching forms; operations for switching on and off fixed earthed electrodes, as well as for applying and removing portable earthing; phased operations; for deactivation and activation of devices for relay protection and automation, etc.In addition, the most important inspection actions should be indicated on the switching forms: spot checks on the positions of switches and disconnectors; checking the position of the switches in the distribution and switchgear before each movement of the trolleys in the cabinets; checking the absence of voltage on conductive parts before grounding them, etc.

The operations and control actions entered in the toggle forms must be followed in the order of their execution, otherwise the use of toggle forms becomes pointless. For convenience in reporting the performed operations (checks), each of them must have a serial number.

For relatively simple switching operations (4 — 5 operations), the forms of the form established in the power system are usually prepared by the operating personnel themselves after receiving the switching order and recording in the operational log. It is also allowed to prepare the switching forms in advance during the shift by the personnel who will perform the switching.

When drawing up the switching form, the staff carefully considers the content of the received order and outlines the sequence for its implementation. Completing the switching form, however, does not in itself guarantee the smooth execution of the operations. It is necessary to prepare the form correctly and use it correctly during the switching process.

Available information on accidents caused by service personnel suggests that although switches were made with the release of the switch form, sometimes the forms were incorrect. were drawn up, or the operations were not performed in the sequence indicated in the forms, or were not used at all.

Form switching should not be used passively. Every operation must be understood before it is carried out. Careful and timely self-control is necessary, since the mistakes made are often irreparable.

In order to eliminate errors in the preparation of switching forms and to save time spent on their preparation, the so-called Standard switching forms. These forms are pre-designed by the staff of regional distribution networks, as a rule, when switching, containing a large number of operations and verification actions.

The transition to standard forms must be carried out by the management area of ​​distribution networks.

The procedure for personnel during switching.

Switching in electrical installations 0.4-10 kV can be performed by one or two persons - this is determined by local conditions. When two people participate in the switch, one of them is designated as the senior. The functions of monitoring the switching operation are usually assigned. The lowest ranked person acts as executor. However, the responsibility for switching lies with both.

It is not allowed to change the distribution of duties between the staff established by the instructions during the shift. Avoiding their execution is also prohibited.For example, both switching participants, relying on their experience, should not be allowed to perform simultaneous operations with devices, ignoring the need for control, which, unfortunately, is often done in order to "speed up" the switching process.

If the operations are carried out according to the switching form, the personnel who have it with them act as follows:

1) at the place of operation, he checks the name on the inscription, the electrical value and the name of the switching device to the drive to whom he approached. Performing memory operations without reading the device's device inscriptions is strictly prohibited;

2) ensuring the correct selection of the switching device, reads the content of the operation from the form and then executes it. With the participation in the switching of two persons, the operation is carried out after repeating its content by the contractor and confirming the correctness of the control;

3) the performed operation is noted in the form to avoid missing the next operation.

Recall that all operations during switching operations must be carried out by service personnel in strict compliance with the rules of personal safety; use protective equipment (gloves, insulating rods, voltage indicators, etc.); follow established procedure when applying and removing portable grounding; monitor the operation of locking devices; timely posting and removal of posters from devices on switching devices, etc.

Personnel should remember that when switching by one person, their actions with the devices are not controlled by anyone.

Switching must be done strictly, but in the form; it is not allowed to change the sequence of operations established in it. If you have doubts about the correctness of switching operations, you should stop and contact the dispatcher who issued the switching order for an explanation.

Information about the execution of the order

After the end of the switches, the time of their termination is recorded on the form. An entry is made in the operational diary about the execution of the order. The working scheme of the electrical installation (network section) is changed. After that, the dispatcher from whom the order was received is informed about the end of the switch and the execution of the order. The information is transmitted by the person who received the order.

Prevent switching errors

When switching on electrical installations, staff sometimes make mistakes, which is often the cause of major accidents and various disturbances in the operation of the electrical installation. Those who commit wrongdoing later have difficulty remembering the motives that prompted them to do so. However, the analysis shows that errors occur as a result of violations of operational discipline, are the result of complex nervous activity of operational personnel, their behavior when working in special conditions.

A feature of the working conditions of the service personnel is that switching must be carried out in switchgears, where there are many externally identical cells, the equipment of which can be in operation, under repair, in reserve at the same time and remain on at the same time fully or partially under high voltage that cannot be observed visually.

Under a certain set of circumstances, the probability of mistaking one piece of equipment for another is very high here. Therefore, the environment and the very nature of operational work require discretion on the part of personnel, a good memory and impeccable adherence to operational discipline.

Operational discipline is strict and accurate observance by personnel of a certain order when switching and behavior in the workplace, established by the rules of technical operation and safety measures, work rules and instructions.

Operational discipline is one of the prerequisites for the normal operation of electrical installations. Thanks to it, the actions of the personnel during the switching proceed in an orderly manner, which ensures the normal functioning of the electrical installations.

Operational discipline is based on an understanding by each operative of his duties and personal responsibility. When these feelings cease to be internal sources of a person's actions, all sorts of deviations in behavior arise that lead to the violation of existing orders and rules. In the chain of violations (even minor ones) there will always be one that will lead to an accident.

The main neural (psychophysiological) factors contributing to the error-free performance of personnel include attention and self-monitoring.

Attention is a complex mental phenomenon expressed in the selectivity of perception, the focusing of consciousness on a specific object. It arises in connection with every activity carried out in the facility and is a necessary condition for its conscious implementation. The concentration of attention is manifested in more or less depth in the work.The more attention is concentrated on the main, the less distraction from minor details, the fewer mistakes are made.

Self-observation (self-monitoring) is observation, the object of which is the mental state and actions of the observer himself. It is controlled by consciousness and is one of the conditions for error-free operation. You need to monitor your behavior, be able to remember and evaluate your actions.

In practical work, both factors (attention and introspection) almost always operate simultaneously. Carelessness and lack of self-control lead to mistakes.

Operational actions are the result of the physical activity and thinking of the personnel in the switching process. The objects of action are elements of primary and secondary switching circuits — switches, disconnectors, grounding devices, drives, secondary circuit equipment, etc. When moving to them, all the attention of the staff is directed, all his movements are related to the task in a strict sequence.

Attention and self-monitoring play a crucial role in this: they organize and guide the actions of personnel, protecting them from mistakes. Correct actions (actions conforming to the established order) are always determined by the goal and performed under the control of consciousness. At the same time, the staff chooses the most expedient movements, strives to reduce the time and laboriousness of the operations. Unconscious actions are at best useless, at worst - lead to mistakes, which are the source of accidents and incidents with people. Switching errors are usually irreversible.

Operational actions are both actual operations with equipment and various types of checks that inform personnel of the successful completion and correctness of operations.

The need for checks is due to the fact that there are no trouble-free working devices. In the event of malfunctions, damage to the precise operation of both the switching devices themselves and their control devices is possible. Checks are carried out by direct visual observations of devices, according to the indications of various signal systems, measuring devices, etc. It should be remembered that any operation with equipment and checking its characteristics are two concepts that complement each other.